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Ying
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ATHOROUGH
DISCUSSION
ON STONE
FORMATION OF
THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Stone formation of the urinary
system
is
a
common disease.
Accord-
ing
to
US
statistics, about
2-5"/o
of
the
population would develop such stones
in
their
life time.
At present, the
usual
causative factors
are:
genetics, parathy-
roid
gland over-secretion,
diet and ab-
normal anatomy of
the
urinary system,
etc.
These factors may
lead
to an
im-
pedance of
the
urinary
flow or chronic
infection; these would lead directly to
stone formation of
the
urinary tract.
Symptoms are blood
in
the
urine
and/
or
pain;
stones
in
different parts
of
the
urinary system would
give
rise
to
dil-
ferent symptoms and characters
of
pain. Stones of
the
urethra (the final
urinary passage) would
easily
result
in
urinary
obstruction.
On plain X-ray
films,
calcium oxalate stones cast
dense
shadows whereas uric acid stones are
least dense and could even be indistin-
guishable lrom other
soft
tissues, hence
the term "negative stones". Clinically,
acidic
urine
suggests
uric acid stones;
whereas alkali urine suggests stones
with an infective origin. Most stag-horn
calculi (stones of the kidney pelvis) are
due to
infection.
About
3/4 of
the stones
of
the
kidney (and its excretory duct)
are calcium oxalate
ones.
The results
of active therapy for stones are good
whereas neglecting them may have di-
sastrous
results.
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